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Latest Article
Mapping of utero-tubal anomalies by hysterosalpingography at the Centr...
2

TAYO NGUETSA Marcellin Girez*1, NGOKA T. Franck2, MBALLA A. Jean Claude3, ABANG Elizabeth BI MAONDO4
1*Department Of Radiology and Medical Imaging Green Hope University, 2Centre Médical La Cathédrale, 3Faculty of Sciences-University of Ebolowa, 4University of Douala
5-11
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22950246

Objectives: An overview of hysterosalpingography practice and the mapping of utero-tubal anomalies at the Centre Médical La Cathédrale. Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional observational study using a mixed (prospective and retrospective) data collection method. Data collection extended from January 2023 to September 2026. Prospective data were collected using a questionnaire, while retrospective data were extracted from clinical records and radiological reports archived in the RIS/PACS system of the Centre Médical La Cathédrale. A total of 200 hysterosalpingographies (HSG) performed during this period were included, representing 1.32% of all X-ray examinations conducted. The variables studied included patient age, clinical indications, the technical protocol for performing the HSG, and the radiographic abnormalities detected. Data processing and statistical analysis were performed using Epi Info software. Results: The mean age of the patients was 33.8 years. The primary indication was tubal patency assessment (65.0%), followed by primary infertility (21.5%) and secondary infertility (8.0%). Other indications included metrorrhagia (2.0%), recurrent miscarriages (1.0%), as well as pelvic pain, menorrhagia, suspected synechiae, hydrosalpinx monitoring, and post-operative follow-up, each accounting for 0.5%. Obstetrician-gynecologists were the main referring physicians for the examination. The contrast medium used was a water-soluble iodinated compound, administered at an average volume of 20 ml. The adverse event rate was 11.5%, consisting exclusively of pelvic pain. Psychological support was optimal, and prophylactic antispasmodic administration was systematic (100.0%) prior to the examination. Overall, 67.5% of the HSGs showed at least one lesion. Of the 205 detected anomalies, tubal findings predominated (62.0%), while utero-pelvic abnormalities constituted 38.0% of the lesion workload. Conclusion: Hysterosalpingography is a specialized imaging examination primarily used for utero-tubal exploration at the Centre Médical La Cathédrale, revealing a lesion profile identical to data in the African literature. Pain remains the main adverse effect.
From Pastoral Production to Competitive Markets: Navigating Livestock...
140

Ekiru Francis Anno*
Selinus University of Sciences and Literature (SUSL), Ragusa, Italy
20-30
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22733267

Livestock trade is central to the economies and livelihoods of pastoral communities in Africa's drylands, yet its potential is constrained by climate variability, weak market infrastructure, limited market information, inadequate capital, insecurity, animal diseases, informal marketing arrangements, and unequal competitive conditions among traders. This study examined the challenges affecting livestock trade in Turkana County, Kenya, with particular attention to livestock production and market access, trader competitive rivalry, and the implications of market organization for pastoral livelihoods. A case-study approach was applied to three livestock markets in Lodwar, Lokichoggio, and Kainuk towns. Primary data were obtained from 168 livestock-market respondents, with 56 respondents selected from each market. The analysis employed descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Kruskal–Wallis tests, post-hoc comparisons, one-way analysis of variance, reliability analysis, and simple linear regression. Results indicate substantial constraints in livestock production and market access. The overall market-access scale had a mean score of 2.51 (SD = 0.61), with significant differences among Lodwar (M = 2.89), Kainuk (M = 2.54), and Lokichoggio (M = 2.09) markets. Competitive rivalry was also significant, with an overall mean of 3.12 (SD = 0.63); Lodwar recorded the highest mean (M = 3.62), compared with Lokichoggio (M = 2.79) and Kainuk (M = 2.94). Regression analysis showed that trader competitive rivalry significantly predicted livestock production and market access, β = 0.381, t = 5.536, p < .001, explaining 15.1% of the adjusted variation. The findings demonstrate that competition in dryland livestock markets is not inherently beneficial when it operates through unequal access to capital, information, market networks, and institutional influence. Sustainable livestock trade therefore requires a systems-oriented approach combining market infrastructure, animal health, climate resilience, transparent pricing, market information, trader finance, producer organization, inclusive governance, and strengthened cross-border trade arrangements. The study concludes that transforming dryland livestock trade from predominantly informal and subsistence-oriented transactions into transparent, market-oriented and resilient value chains is essential for improving pastoral incomes, food security and regional economic development.
Livestock Marketing Interventions and Livelihoods in Pastoral and Smal...
49

Ekiru Francis Anno*
Selinus University of Sciences and Literature (SUSL), Ragusa, Italy
10-19
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22733090

Livestock production is central to rural livelihoods across sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in pastoral, agro-pastoral, and smallholder farming systems. Livestock provide food, income, savings, employment, insurance against shocks, manure, and social and cultural capital. However, the contribution of livestock to household welfare depends not only on production but also on households' ability to participate effectively in livestock markets and obtain fair returns. This review synthesizes literature published primarily between 2020 and 2026, with particular attention to pastoral and smallholder systems in East Africa. The evidence shows that market infrastructure, market information, producer organizations, transport, veterinary services, financial services, value addition, and improved market governance can reduce transaction costs, increase market participation, improve producer returns, and strengthen livelihood resilience. Evidence from Ethiopia demonstrates that improved livestock market sheds can increase smallholder earnings, while evidence from northern Kenya indicates that improvements in physical and communication infrastructure have strengthened market integration. However, market participation does not automatically improve welfare. Drought, climate variability, conflict, distress sales, weak bargaining power, gender inequalities, inadequate services, and restrictions on pastoral mobility can limit or reverse livelihood gains. Informal information networks, brokers, customary institutions, and cross-border trade also remain important in connecting remote producers to markets. The review therefore argues that livestock marketing should move beyond increasing sales volumes toward resilient, inclusive, equitable, and sustainable livestock value chains. Effective interventions should integrate market infrastructure, information, producer organization, animal health, finance, value addition, climate-risk management, gender empowerment, rangeland governance, conflict management, and predictable trade regulation.
Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Production of Biodiesel from W...
185

P. Kanakasabai1, Saikat Banerjee2, D. Sridevi3, S. Sivamani*4
1-2-4*College of Engineering and Technology, Engineering Department, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Salalah, Oman, 3IT Department, SRM Valliammai Engineering College Tamil Nadu, India
19-25
http://doi.org/10.67564/IRASSJMS.v3.i9.0188

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are bioinspired algorithms used in various engineering applications. The objective of this present study is to create a model algorithm for biodiesel synthesis from the collected waste cooking oil utilizing artificial neural networks (ANN). The factors consider to be influencing the biodiesel production are concentrations of solutions, time and temperature, pH of the solution, and agitation speed. In previous trials, methanol to oil ratio, sodium hydroxide to oil ratio, in addition to reaction temperature were taken as in terms of independent type of variables and % biodiesel yield inulin as a dependent variable. The results reveal that the 3-10-1 architecture of ANN provides goodness of fit to predict the percentage yield of biodiesel. The prediction ability of ANN is assessed by the coefficient of determination (R^2). The resultant R^2 value shows that the ANN predicted values fitted well to the percentage yield of biodiesel.
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