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Latest Article
Examination Malpractice in Ghana’s Private Universities: Causes, Conse...
1

Joseph Manasseh Opong, Nancy A...
Presbyterian University, Ghana, P.O. Box 59. Abetifi-Kwahu
67-77
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20372777

The purpose of this study was to examine how cheating during exams threatens the legitimacy of university degrees awarded by privately-owned institutions in Ghana. The study also examined why many students cheat on exams, what happens to them after they are caught, and what can be done to prevent cheating from occurring. There have been numerous calls for action to reduce cheating at the University level in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, there continues to be a significant lack of understanding regarding the extent of cheating at the University level. This report used a systematic literature review methodology. A total of 96 studies were reviewed. These studies spanned the period from 2012 to 2023. As well, the authors of the current report conducted over ten years of empirical research into the topic of academic integrity within higher education in Ghana. The report will explore several different areas. First, an overview of the theoretical underpinnings of cheating will be discussed. Data collected empirically on the frequency and kinds of cheating behaviours experienced by students at privately owned universities in Ghana will follow this report. Afterwards, a variety of causes of cheating behaviour will be examined. The causes identified in this study included societal pressures to obtain a university degree for job prospects or social status; inadequate supervision; various forms of technology that make it easier for students to cheat; and several institutional vulnerabilities. In addition to examining the causes of cheating behaviours, this study will identify and explore the effects of such behaviours. Identified effects of cheating behaviours include severe academic penalties (e.g., cancellation of exam results; suspension or expulsion); psychological harm (e.g., anxiety, shame, stigma); potential career jeopardy (e.g., damaged job prospects; certification/ licensure barriers); and reputational harm to the institution (e.g., loss of reputation with accrediting agencies; loss of public trust). Additionally, some factors that may contribute to higher rates of cheating among students enrolled in private universities compared to those enrolled in state-owned universities will be highlighted. Factors cited in this regard included increased economic pressure experienced by students due to high tuition costs; the competitive nature of private universities; less stringent supervisory oversight; and an overall system-wide lack of accountability regarding the admission process.
Admission Standards as Pathways to Examination Malpractice: A Critical...
0

Joseph Manasseh Opong, Nancy A...
Presbyterian University, Ghana, P.O. Box 59. Abetifi-Kwahu
58-66
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20372699

The purpose of the study was to explore how university entrance requirements relate to test fraud. Research has thoroughly studied test fraud, its reasons, and the implications. However, there has been relatively little research into how admission irregularities affect later dishonest behaviour in the form of test fraud. Utilising an analysis of 96 studies of test fraud in sub-Saharan Africa, combined with data collected from other universities worldwide, we developed a conceptual model illustrating the ways that admission irregularities can cause dishonesty to occur at examinations. The conceptual model includes four mediating variables: (a) academic underpreparedness (i.e., when students enter college using fake or inflated credentials, they do not have the needed knowledge to pass courses; therefore, they feel pressure to commit test fraud); (b) moral disengagement (i.e., once students commit fraudulent acts to gain college admission, they will likely rationalize committing future fraudulent acts as acceptable); (c) institutional capture (i.e., if colleges profit financially from fraudulent admissions, then institutional interests become aligned against upholding academic integrity); (d) social norms or peer expectancy effects (i.e., the existence of peers who entered college via fraudulent means creates an environment where it becomes socially acceptable to engage in similar behaviour). The authors synthesised evidence regarding admission irregularities in several different countries (Nigeria, India, Ghana, Kenya, and the UK) and analysed the processes that lead to environments in which students experience high levels of support for their dishonest behaviour at examinations. The results indicated that the integrity of the admission process determines whether students will be honest during exams. Therefore, the authors concluded with suggestions for developing procedures to verify applicant information for admission purposes, developing strategies to assist academically under-prepared students, and revising disciplinary policies to prevent both the admission- malpractice connection and other forms of dishonesty
THE CIVIL SERVICE IN NIGERIA; EVOLUTION AND CHALLENGES, WRITTEN BY CHI...
4

Chukwu, Ifeoma Florence*
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Veritas University, Bwari, Abuja
32-46

RISK, UNCERTAINTY, SUBJECTIVE RISK AND ATTITUDE TO RISK: A COMPREHENSI...
2

Fauziyya Hassan*, Dr. Tyodzer...
Department of Public Administration, Falculty Management Science, Veritas University, Abuja
23-31
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20340760

This study sought to investigate Risk, Uncertainty, Subjective Risk and Attitude to Risk: A Comprehensive Analysis of Risk Management of Projects in Nigeria and it is narrowed down to public sector projects. Public sector projects in Nigeria play a critical role in national development, infrastructure expansion, poverty reduction, and socio-economic transformation. However, these, delays, abandonment, corruption risks, political interference, policy Inconsistency and uncertainty arising from economic volatility. These challenges are the concepts of risk, uncertainty, subjective perception of risk, and institutional attitude toward risk management. While risk is often measurable and manageable through structured frameworks, uncertainty represents unknown variables that complicate forecasting and planning. In the Nigerian public sector context, risk management practices remain inconsistent, reactive, and insufficiently institutionalized. This study presents a comprehensive theoretical and analytical examination of risk and uncertainty in public sector project management in Nigeria. It explores the distinction between objective and subjective risk, analyzes institutional and managerial attitudes toward risk, and evaluates the effectiveness of existing risk management practices. Using documentary research design and secondary data from academic literature, policy documents, and empirical studies, the paper identifies structural weaknesses in governance, planning, implementation, and monitoring mechanisms. It further argues that subjective risk perception, influenced by political, cultural, and administrative factors, significantly shapes project outcomes. The study integrates contemporary risk management theory with public administration practice in Nigeria and highlights the relevance of strategic planning, monitoring, and verification systems in mitigating project risk. Findings indicate that inadequate risk assessment frameworks, weak institutional accountability, and poor implementation culture contribute to project failure. The study concludes with recommendations for institutionalizing proactive risk management systems, strengthening regulatory frameworks, enhancing professional capacity, and integrating data-driven decision-making into public project management processes.
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