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Latest Article
Exploring the Impact of decentralization on service delivery in rural...
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Mohamed Kaifala Jimmy*1, Dr Morrison Kenie Lahai2, Dr. Edward Hinga Foday3
1*Institute of geography and development studies Njala university, Njala, Eastern Technical University, Kenema., 2School of Environmental Sciences, Njala University, 3Faculty of Engineeering And Innovation, Eastern Technical University
23-34
http://doi.org/10.67564/irassjahss.v3.i7.0255

Service-delivery in the course of implementing decentralization around the rural districts of Sierra Leone has been neglected in for far too long; and little studies regarding this have been done in Sierra Leone. This study was undertaken to investigate and come out with detailed analysis with accounts of service delivery in rural communities around the country (Sierra Leone). The objectives of this study were to examine the delivery of the services in the decentralisation dispensation: the provision of educational, healthcare and safe drinking water supply services to rural communities. Data was collected from 400 respondents randomly selected from households in communities that were purposive selected. structured questionnaire was used to collect data from households and semi-structured questionnaire to collect data from key informants. Data was analysed using R-version. Result revealed that there are limited provisions of these services to the people in the rural communities; and which makes accessibility to the services very difficult for community people who suffer the consequences. Result further reveal that service delivery was not uniform across chiefdoms in the district. It recommended that government should improve on the provision of infrastructure in the rural communities on the one hand, instituting mechanisms for effective monitoring to enhance maintenance and sustainability towards improvement.
Antifungal Resistance in Invasive Candida and Aspergillus Species: Mol...
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Njaprim Edward Rihnwi*1, Mukube Kelson Ntuba2
1*Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, Cameroon, 2Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services, Cameroon
8-23
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21369136

Invasive fungal infections, predominantly caused by Candida and Aspergillus species, represent a major global mortality burden that is increasingly threatened by escalating resistance to primary antifungal classes such as azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes. This convergent crisis is clearly exemplified by the simultaneous global rise of multidrug-resistant Candida auris and the emergence of pan-azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus driven by environmental agricultural fungicide use. To bridge the gap between isolated resistance mechanisms and broader epidemiological trends, this review synthesises contemporary data across four core themes: molecular resistance pathways (including CYP51A, FKS, and ERG11 mutations, alongside efflux and biofilm-associated resistance), the clade-structured transmission dynamics of C. auris, the environmental selection of azole-resistant A. fumigatus, and the therapeutic pipeline of novel agents like olorofim, ibrexafungerp, fosmanogepix, and rezafungin. Ultimately, the manuscript argues that fungal resistance must be managed as a complex "One Health" systems phenomenon spanning hospitals, farms, and the environment, requiring harmonised global surveillance, robust stewardship, and a reconceptualisation of invasive mycoses as a central priority within the global antimicrobial resistance agenda.
Safe Water, Healthy Communities: The Public Health Cost of Unsafe Drin...
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Njaprim Edward Rihnwi*1, Mukube Kelson Ntuba2
1*Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, Cameroon, 2Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services, Cameroon
7-13
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21368973

Background: Unsafe drinking water remains a pervasive environmental hazard, exposing nearly half the world's population to preventable health risks and exacting substantial economic and social costs. Despite global progress under Sustainable Development Goal 6, inequities persist, and emerging threats are reshaping the risk landscape. Methods: This narrative review synthesises recent evidence (2019–2024) from PubMed/PMC-indexed literature, supplemented by World Health Organisation and World Bank reports, to quantify the public health costs of inadequate drinking water. Studies addressing microbial and chemical contamination, quantified health outcomes, and economic burden were prioritised. Key findings: Diarrheal disease from microbial contamination causes an estimated 1.4 million deaths annually, with children under five disproportionately affected. Chemical contaminants, arsenic, fluoride, and nitrates, affect hundreds of millions and produce long-term disability through cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodevelopmental harm. The economic burden in low- and middle-income countries exceeds US$100 billion annually in treatment costs and productivity losses, with women, rural communities, and marginalised populations bearing disproportionate costs. Climate change and emerging contaminants, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and microplastics, are intensifying risks. Conclusions: Investments in safe drinking water yield among the highest returns in public health, averting mortality, reducing healthcare expenditures, and advancing equity. Failure to prioritise water safety undermines global development goals and deepens health disparities. Coordinated action across health, water, climate, and finance sectors is urgently required.
Decentralization in Sierra Leone: A Critical Realist study of District...
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Andrew Lokorma Karim*
MPhil candidate: Institution of Geography and Development Studies, Njala University, Njala Campus
9-22
http://doi.org/10.67564/irassjahss.v3.i7.0254

This study examines the policy and institutional foundations of decentralisation in Sierra Leone, focusing on the relationship between district councils and chiefdom councils. It finds that despite successive decentralisation reforms, the role of Chiefdom Councils remains poorly defined, resulting in overlapping responsibilities, weak coordination, and ineffective implementation of the principle of subsidiarity. Using Critical Realism and qualitative policy analysis, the study reviews the historical evolution of decentralised governance and analyses the Local Government Acts of 2004 and 2022 together with the National Decentralisation Policies of 2010 and 2021. The findings reveal that while district councils are legally recognised as the primary local government authorities, chiefdom councils continue to perform important governance functions without adequate legal authority or institutional integration. The study concludes that sustainable decentralisation requires constitutional and legislative reforms to clarify institutional roles, strengthen collaboration between local governance institutions, and formally integrate chiefdom councils into Sierra Leone's decentralised governance framework while maintaining democratic accountability.
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