International Research and Academic scholar society

Mission and Vision
Our Mission
At IRASS Publisher, our mission is to empower authors and researchers by providing a platform for their unique perspectives. We believe in fostering creativity and promoting voices that reflect the richness of human experience.
Our Vision
We envision a world where diverse stories and groundbreaking research thrive, enriching the literary and academic landscape. We aim to be a leading publisher recognized for our commitment to quality, innovation, and inclusivity.
Open Access Policy
IRASS Publisher commits to providing open access to all its published content. Our policy ensures that research articles are freely accessible to the public without subscription fees. Authors retain copyright while allowing unrestricted distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. By removing access barriers, IRASS aims to foster a more inclusive and collaborative scientific community.
Indexing
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Latest Article
Organizing Livestock Markets in Kenya's Drylands: Evolution, Instituti...
1

Ekiru Francis Anno*
School of Doctoral Studies, Unicaf University, Lilongwe, Malawi
1-13
http://doi.org/10.67564/IRASSJMS.v3.i10.0190

Livestock production is central to the livelihoods and economies of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Kenya’s drylands, yet its commercial potential is constrained by fragmented production and marketing systems, weak institutional coordination, inadequate infrastructure, information asymmetries, insecurity, climatic shocks and unequal bargaining power. This study examined the evolution, institutional arrangements and business models underpinning livestock-market organization in Kenya’s drylands and developed a framework for sustainable market coordination. A qualitative-dominant multiple-case study design was employed, focusing on four models: the Organized Livestock Marketing Model, Livestock Marketing Associations (LMAs) and Co-management Model, Meat and Livestock Assembly Model, and Livestock Market-Yard Management Model. Turkana County constituted the principal empirical case, supplemented by evidence from Marsabit, Isiolo, Samburu, Baringo and Tana River. Data were collected through 45 semi-structured key-informant interviews, 10 focus group discussions, documentary review and direct market observation, and analyzed using thematic, historical, within-case and cross-case approaches. Findings show that the four models represent complementary dimensions of livestock-market development. The Organized Livestock Marketing Model provides market architecture by coordinating actors, information, livestock flows and market linkages. The LMA and Co-management Model strengthens collective action, representation and shared governance, although uneven implementation limits its effectiveness. The Meat and Livestock Assembly Model enhances aggregation, specialization, downstream linkages and value addition, while the Market-Yard Management Model institutionalizes infrastructure management, regulation, service delivery and commercial operations. The study concludes that sustainable livestock commercialization requires integration of these functions rather than isolated interventions. It proposes a Sustainable Livestock-Market Coordination Framework linking production, aggregation, market linkages, value addition and governance to improve connectivity, efficiency, competitiveness, commercial viability, resilience and institutional sustainability in Kenya’s drylands.
Resilience of Livestock Markets in Turkana West Sub-County of Kenya: I...
1

Ekiru Francis Anno*
School of Doctoral Studies, Unicaf University, Lilongwe, Malawi
1-12
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23114139

Livestock production and trade constitute an important component of livelihoods and local economic activity in Kenya's arid and semi-arid lands. In Turkana West Sub-County, which hosts refugees from approximately 24 countries, livestock markets operate within a complex and dynamic system shaped by pastoral production, cross-border mobility, refugee settlement, urbanisation, local consumption, and linkages to external markets. This article examines the organisation and performance of livestock markets in Turkana West, with particular attention to the influence of the growing refugee population and external livestock trade on livestock and livestock-product consumption. The study used qualitative and participatory approaches involving livestock producers, traders, livestock marketing associations, slaughterhouse representatives and other market actors. Remote open-ended interviews, focus group discussions, participatory rural appraisal, market observations and analysis of market records were used across key livestock markets, including Lokore, Kakuma, Letea, Kalobeyei, Lokichoggio and Nanam. Market records were used to examine livestock stocks, sales, slaughter and revenues. The findings show that livestock markets in Turkana West have evolved from predominantly informal and traditional trading arrangements towards a more structured network of primary and secondary markets. Kakuma functions as the principal secondary market and receives livestock from more than ten primary markets. The presence of refugees has expanded local demand, particularly through butcheries and livestock-product businesses, while host-community traders remain strongly involved in the supply of live animals. At the same time, substantial market inefficiencies remain. These include high levels of unsold livestock, inactive traders' working capital, weak market coordination, inadequate slaughter infrastructure, limited utilisation of livestock by-products, weak market information systems, inadequate access to finance and insurance, and constraints associated with disease, drought, insecurity and cross-border movement. The evidence suggests that market resilience depends not only on increasing livestock production but also on improving coordination between production catchments, primary markets, secondary markets, traders, consumers and external markets. Strengthening producer and trader organisations, improving market infrastructure, developing reliable market information, expanding value addition, facilitating formalised trade and strengthening host-community and refugee participation could improve the efficiency and sustainability of livestock markets in Turkana West.
Diagnostic Reference Levels in Mammography: Dosimetric Principles, Rev...
0

TAYO NGUETSA Marcellin Girez*, YENE ZANG Bernard Severin, EMVOUTOU M. Jeanne Valerie
Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Green Hope University of Somalia, Centre Médical La Cathédrale, Cameroon., Institut de Recherche Médical et d’étude des Plantes Médicinales
1-9
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23094592

Breast cancer now tops incidence rankings in much of sub-Saharan Africa, yet most countries lack nationally endorsed diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for mammography. This narrative review synthesizes the dosimetric foundations of mammography dose metrics, maps international DRL values published since 2018, and examines why Cameroon, despite a rising cancer burden and IAEA-supported regulatory reform, has not translated optimization principles into practice. Three questions guided the work: what quantities and conversion formalisms underpin mammography DRLs; how comparable are current international values given methodological heterogeneity; and what structural, technical, and human-resource barriers obstruct implementation in Cameroon, along with a phased roadmap that is feasible rather than aspirational. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature from the IAEA, ICRP, and the Cameroonian Ministry of Public Health yielded 58 primary sources. The evidence shows wide variation in reported DRLs, driven by phantomversus patient-based protocols, thickness stratification choices, and the transition from 2D digital mammography to digital breast tomosynthesis, while Cameroon faces an almost complete absence of calibrated dosimetry equipment, clinically qualified medical physicists, and a national dose registry. A pragmatic six-phase pathway is proposed, beginning with an equipment census and phantom-based pilot at four to six centers, progressing through provisional local DRLs to regulatory adoption and regional harmonization via the AFRA network. The review concludes that sustainable DRL implementation in resource-limited settings demands phased investment in metrology infrastructure and workforce development before national values can be meaningfully set.
Challenges Hindering Teachers’ Effective Implementation of the Compete...
2

Joseph Samwel*1, Edgar Nderego2, Jesse Lukindo3
1*Meatu District Council, Simiyu Region, 2-3The Open University of Tanzania, Faculty of Education, Department of Curriculum and Instruction
20-26
http://doi.org/10.67564/IRASSJAHSS.v3.i9.0268

This study examined the challenges hindering teachers’ effective implementation of the Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC) in public secondary schools in Meatu District, Simiyu Region, Tanzania. Guided by the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Model, the study adopted a qualitative case study design as part of a broader mixed-methods study. The study purposively selected ten public secondary schools, involving 20 participants: 10 Heads of Schools and 10 Academic Masters/Mistresses. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically through transcription, coding, categorisation, and theme development. The findings revealed four major challenges: inadequate time for lesson preparation and planning, difficulties in conducting continuous assessment and providing timely feedback, limited use of learner-centred teaching methods, and teacher fatigue, stress, and emotional exhaustion. These challenges were associated with heavy teaching loads, large class sizes, extensive assessment and marking responsibilities, administrative and co-curricular duties, and insufficient staffing and instructional support. The findings further indicated that teachers generally recognised the importance of CBC but faced contextual constraints that limited their ability to consistently apply learner-centred and competency-based practices. The study concludes that effective CBC implementation requires supportive working conditions that balance teachers’ job demands with adequate resources. It recommends improving teacher staffing, equitable workload distribution, adequate preparation time, professional development, efficient assessment practices, and school-level monitoring of teachers’ workload and wellbeing.
Journals
Journal Cover
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Track Manuscript
Certificates
Image
Image