International Research and Academic scholar society

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Our Mission
At IRASS Publisher, our mission is to empower authors and researchers by providing a platform for their unique perspectives. We believe in fostering creativity and promoting voices that reflect the richness of human experience.
Our Vision
We envision a world where diverse stories and groundbreaking research thrive, enriching the literary and academic landscape. We aim to be a leading publisher recognized for our commitment to quality, innovation, and inclusivity.
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IRASS Publisher commits to providing open access to all its published content. Our policy ensures that research articles are freely accessible to the public without subscription fees. Authors retain copyright while allowing unrestricted distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. By removing access barriers, IRASS aims to foster a more inclusive and collaborative scientific community.
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Latest Article
Study on the Integrated Undergraduate-Postgraduate Curriculum Construc...
0

Jianling Zou*
University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
67-69
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20699341

On the background of New Engineering construction and higher education internationalization in China, English for Academic Purposes (EAP) has become a core course to cultivate innovative interdisciplinary talents capable of international academic communication. However, the disjointed arrangement of EAP teaching at undergraduate and postgraduate stages has restricted the continuous improvement of academic English competence. Based on analyzing EAP disciplinary and generic characteristics as well as the structural model of postgraduates’ academic English literacy, this study explores the construction path of integrated undergraduatepostgraduate EAP curriculum and proposes that layered curriculum design, optimized teaching modes, formative evaluation system and digital teaching platform configuration contribute to realizing seamless connection of EAP teaching stages from undergraduate to postgraduate.
Cross-Border Crime and Trade in Sub-Sahara Africa: Mitigating the Outc...
0

Manghe Romeo Etta* & Abangma J...
Department of International Relations and Conflict Resolution, Faculty of Laws and Political Science, University of Buea, Cameroon
51-66
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20695097

Background: Cross-border crime poses significant threats to national security and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Ekok-Nfum border between Cameroon and Nigeria represents a critical case study, where porous borders facilitate illicit trade, human trafficking, and arms smuggling despite existing security protocols. This study examines the mechanisms through which cross-border crime can be mitigated to permit legitimate transnational trade. Methods: A descriptive survey design was employed using stratified and cluster sampling techniques. Data were collected from 300 respondents, including border officials, traders, and security personnel, through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The study utilised the theories of Transnationalism, Regulation, and Ecological Systems as analytical frameworks. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics and chi-square hypothesis testing. Results: Findings indicate that cross-border crime significantly threatens transnational security (χ² = 157.255, p < 0.001), with 69% of respondents confirming the severity of threats, including arms trafficking, drug smuggling, and human trafficking. Customs officials play a significant role in mitigating insecurity (χ² = 60.017, p < 0.001), though their effectiveness is constrained by inadequate resources, corruption, and conflicting local and national taxation interests. Trans-governmental enforcement networks are essential for cross-border collaboration (χ² = 50.354, p < 0.001), with informal cooperation mechanisms proving more effective than formal treaty-based approaches. Conclusion: The study recommends enhanced customs autonomy, community-based border development, and informal trans-governmental enforcement networks to mitigate crime while facilitating legitimate trade. Economic development in border regions remains crucial for reducing criminal incentives.
Government Financing Policy and the Development of Small and Medium En...
0

Anuwa, Omozuah Bethel & Andrew...
Professor of Finance and Development, Department of Banking and Finance, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
46-56
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20678022

The study examined the effects of government financing policies on the growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEGR) in Nigeria over the period 1980 to 2025. The research focused on domestic borrowing-to-GDP ratio (DBGDPR), external borrowing-to-GDP ratio (EXTBGDPR), tax-to-GDP ratio (TGDPR), public investment ratio (PIR), and fiscal deficit-to-GDP ratio (FDGDPR) as proxies for government financing policies, while SME growth rate (SMEGR) served as the dependent variable. Exchange rate (EXR) and inflation rate (INFR) were incorporated as control variables to account for broader macroeconomic influences. Annual time series data were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, IMF, World Bank Development Indicators, National Bureau of Statistics, and OECD databases. The study employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach which allowed simultaneous estimation of short-run and long-run effects among the variables. The results revealed that DBGDPR had a negative but statistically insignificant effect on SMEGR in both the short run and long run. In contrast, EXTBGDPR exerted a positive and statistically significant influence on SMEGR across both periods. TGDPR and PIR also exhibited positive and significant effects on SMEGR, reflecting the critical role of fiscal revenue mobilization and productive expenditure in creating an enabling environment for enterprises. FDGDPR recorded positive and significant coefficients, suggesting that moderate deficits facilitated government programs supportive of SME development. Control variables; EXR and INFR were found to have negative but statistically insignificant effects, indicating that currency instability and price fluctuations adversely affected SMEs. The study concluded that strategically targeted government financing policies significantly enhanced SME development in Nigeria through infrastructure provision, investment support, and fiscal interventions. The study recommended reducing excessive domestic borrowing, expanding productive external borrowing, strengthening tax utilization, increasing public investment, and managing fiscal deficits effectively to support SME growth.
PUBLIC SERVICE AND THE CHALLENGES OF RETIREMENT: A STUDY OF THE NIGERI...
5

FREGENE, Freeman Orits*, OKERE...
Department of Public Administration, Delta State University, Abraka
22-28
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20606750

This study examines public service and the challenges of retirement among Nigerian Air Force personnel in Bayelsa and Delta States. Retirement represents a critical stage in the career trajectory of public servants, yet many retirees face financial, social, and psychological challenges despite years of dedicated service. The study employed a qualitative research approach, adopting a descriptive research design and relying on secondary data obtained through documentary analysis. Data were analyzed descriptively to provide insights into the influence of administrative structures, public service policies, and pension scheme reforms on the welfare and socio-economic stability of retirees. Findings reveal that the hierarchical and bureaucratic nature of public service administration creates procedural bottlenecks and delays in pension processing, negatively impacting retirees’ financial security. Public service policies, including the Contributory Pension Scheme, have significant potential to enhance retirement welfare; however, inconsistent implementation, weak monitoring, and limited awareness reduce their effectiveness. Pension reforms have partially improved access to retirement benefits and financial predictability, but administrative inefficiencies, inadequate communication, and enforcement gaps continue to undermine socio-economic stability. The study concludes that the retirement welfare of Nigerian Air Force personnel is heavily shaped by structural, procedural, and policy-related factors. Recommendations include streamlining administrative processes, improving policy implementation and awareness, strengthening monitoring and compliance, and establishing post-retirement support programs to enhance financial security, social well-being, and smooth adjustment to civilian life. This research contributes to a better understanding of the multifaceted challenges facing military retirees and provides actionable insights for policymakers, administrators, and military institutions to improve retirement systems and welfare outcomes.
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