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Latest Article
Image Quality Assessment in Chest Radiography According to European Gu...
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TAYO NGUETSA Marcellin Girez*, YENE ZANG Bernard Severin, EMVOUTOU M. Jeanne Valerie, KITIO Dresnel Chiline, NGOKA T. Franck
Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Green Hope University of Somalia., Centre Médical La Cathédrale, Cameroon., Institut de Recherche Médical et d’étude des Plantes Médicinales, Faculty of Science, University of Ebolowa, Cameroon., Kesmonds International University
10-20
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23191354

Chest radiography remains the cornerstone of diagnostic imaging globally, functioning as a primary triage and diagnostic tool for a diverse array of cardiopulmonary pathologies, particularly tuberculosis and pneumonia. In resource-constrained environments like Cameroon, healthcare systems exhibit an extreme reliance on chest radiography; however, the structural frameworks necessary to optimize image quality and minimize patient radiation dose are frequently inadequate. This narrative review evaluates the clinical relevance and practical implementation of stringent European image quality guidelines specifically the EUR 16260 anatomical criteria and the European Union Directive 2013/59/Euratom within the Cameroonian context. The analysis synthesizes current methods of image quality assessment, encompassing visual grading analysis, reject and repeat audits, standardized exposure indices (IEC 62494-1), and the integration of artificial intelligence tools such as CAD4TB. Translating European standards to Cameroon encounters profound structural barriers, driven primarily by a critical shortage of radiological personnel, with a radiologist density of approximately two per million inhabitants compared to the European average of 127 per million. Additional friction points include the unmonitored transition from analogue to digital radiography, the inconsistent application of Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs), and the limited enforcement capacity of the National Radiation Protection Agency (ANRP). Despite these systemic hurdles, strategic opportunities exist to elevate diagnostic standards. Expanding teleradiology networks to support remote facilities, implementing low-cost quality assurance audits, and leveraging artificial intelligence for automated image assessment offer viable solutions to bridge the quality gap. The establishment of localized DRLs and the prioritized training of radiographers and medical physics experts stand as essential prerequisites for achieving sustainable diagnostic excellence and radiation safety in Cameroon. Establishing routine diagnostic reference levels for standard procedures is a universally recommended practice for adhering strictly to the ALARA principle.
IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT BONDS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA
3

Dr. Osekweyi J Odonye*1, Dr. El-Yaqub Ahmad B.1, Mr. Christopher Kaduna Bulus3
1*-3Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences Nasarawa State University, Keffi Nigeria, 1Department of Economics, University of Abuja
44-57
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23152356

This study examined the impact of Government bond on economic growth in Nigeria for the period between 1999 and 2024. An ex-post-facto research design was adopted and the study was based on the theoretical framework of the Keynesian theory of public finance. Time series data on values of amount of government bonds issued (GBA), Number of government bond issues (GBN), average government bonds issued maturity period (GBM) and average government bonds yield (GBY) as independent variables and Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate (GDPr) as dependent variable were collected from publications of CBN, NBS and World Banks. The data collected were subjected to both pre-estimation and post estimation tests for variables trend characteristics, descriptive statistics, unit root, co-integration, causality, serial correlation and normality. Secondly, a VECM technique of estimation was employed to determine the variable coefficients and T-statistic test of hypotheses was employed to determine their significance. Generally, the study found a significant relationship between the government bond variables and Nigeria’s economic growth. On the individual variables findings, while amount of government bonds issued (GBA), Number of government bond issues (GBN) and Average bonds issued maturity period (GBM) have positive and significant impact, average government bonds yield (GBY) has negative but insignificant impact on economic growth during the period under review in Nigeria. While a unit change is GBA, GBN and GBM increases GDPr by 1%, 4.32% and 39.05% respectively, a unit increase in GBY decreases GDPr by 22.57%. The study recommended in addition to others that the Nigerian government should diversify and deepen its bond market by introducing various bond types and extending maturity profiles. This can attract a broader investor base, reduce borrowing costs, and ensure that the government can finance infrastructure projects more effectively over the long term, ultimately fostering more stable economic growth.
IMPACT OF EXTERNAL DEBT AND CAPITAL FORMATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NI...
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El-Yaqub Ahmad B.*1, OSANEKWU Ifeoma Regina2, Yahaya Ismail3
1*-2-3Department of Economics, University of Abuja
31-43
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23151742

The study investigated the impacted of external debt and capital formation on economic growth in Nigeria (1980-2025). The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) modelling approach was used because ARDL is an appropriate modelling approach for variables that are integrated of mixed orders, I(0) and I(1). The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test and the ARDL Bounds test for cointegration were performed as preliminary analyses. The ARDL Bounds test confirms the existence of a long run relationship between the variables since the value of F-statistic (8.543949) is above both the lower and upper bounds at all the levels of significance (1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10%). The short-run error correction model suggested that the error correction term is negative and statistically significant (-0.318810, p < 0.01) which means that about 31.9% of short-run disequilibrium is corrected toward LR equilibrium per year. The results also indicated that the external debt had a negative effect on economic growth while the capital formation had a positive effect on the long-run economic growth. While inflation had both positive and negative short-run effects, the short-run effects of exchange rate and government expenditure were not statistically significant. The post-estimation diagnostic tests showed the absence of any serial correlation, heteroscedasticity and normal distribution of the residuals, thus the estimated ARDL model was robust and reliable. The study comes to the conclusion that while external borrowing is still a vital source of development financing, its impact is limited if it is not being used in a productive way or the debt management is unsustainable, whereas the quest to build more capital is still a key ingredient to a sustained economic growth in Nigeria. The study suggests that the government should implement prudent debt management of its external debt by investing the borrowed money in productive sectors with high return to the economy and improving its debt sustainability assessment.
Organizing Livestock Markets in Kenya's Drylands: Evolution, Instituti...
129

Ekiru Francis Anno*
School of Doctoral Studies, Unicaf University, Lilongwe, Malawi
1-13
http://doi.org/10.67564/IRASSJMS.v3.i10.0190

Livestock production is central to the livelihoods and economies of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Kenya’s drylands, yet its commercial potential is constrained by fragmented production and marketing systems, weak institutional coordination, inadequate infrastructure, information asymmetries, insecurity, climatic shocks and unequal bargaining power. This study examined the evolution, institutional arrangements and business models underpinning livestock-market organization in Kenya’s drylands and developed a framework for sustainable market coordination. A qualitative-dominant multiple-case study design was employed, focusing on four models: the Organized Livestock Marketing Model, Livestock Marketing Associations (LMAs) and Co-management Model, Meat and Livestock Assembly Model, and Livestock Market-Yard Management Model. Turkana County constituted the principal empirical case, supplemented by evidence from Marsabit, Isiolo, Samburu, Baringo and Tana River. Data were collected through 45 semi-structured key-informant interviews, 10 focus group discussions, documentary review and direct market observation, and analyzed using thematic, historical, within-case and cross-case approaches. Findings show that the four models represent complementary dimensions of livestock-market development. The Organized Livestock Marketing Model provides market architecture by coordinating actors, information, livestock flows and market linkages. The LMA and Co-management Model strengthens collective action, representation and shared governance, although uneven implementation limits its effectiveness. The Meat and Livestock Assembly Model enhances aggregation, specialization, downstream linkages and value addition, while the Market-Yard Management Model institutionalizes infrastructure management, regulation, service delivery and commercial operations. The study concludes that sustainable livestock commercialization requires integration of these functions rather than isolated interventions. It proposes a Sustainable Livestock-Market Coordination Framework linking production, aggregation, market linkages, value addition and governance to improve connectivity, efficiency, competitiveness, commercial viability, resilience and institutional sustainability in Kenya’s drylands.
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