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Latest Article
NEXUS OF FISCAL DEFICIT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA
0

Onoja, Ezekiel Felix*, Ofurum,...
Department of Accounting Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Port Harcourt Port Harcourt, Nigeria
1-10
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18846762

The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between budget deficit and economic growth in Nigeria was examined using data derived from Central bank of Nigeria annual bulletin and world bank website. Data used for the study were annual data covering the period of 1970 to 2024. The study examined the relationship using multiple regression and autoregressive distributed lag whilst various diagnostics and post estimation analysis were made. The outcome of the study confirmed that budget deficit have positive effect on real GDP and hence significantly improve economic growth in Nigeria. Based on findings the study recommends that the efficiency of public spending needs to enhanced in Nigeria. This involves a more efficient allocation of deficit spending among optimal sectors in the economy. The extensive effect of budget deficits on the economy also requires that fiscal sustainability be ensured over time in Nigeria. The medium-term fiscal framework that forms the foundations of national budget need to be fully implemented in each budget cycle. Regular fiscal audits and transparent budgeting can ensure deficits remain sustainable while delivering economic benefits. The study further recommends that to optimize economic growth, policymakers need to strategically use fiscal deficits to boost GDP.
Effect of Zingiber Officinale Ethanol Extract on Reproductive Hormones...
2

Cyril Onyekachi Edoga*, Okoh,...
Department of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu Nigeria
7-11
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18798260

Reproductive function is known to be disrupted by inflammation, and Zingiber officinale, has long been used to treat inflammatory diseases. In this work, male albino Wistar rats with albumin-induced inflammation were used to assess the modulatory effects of Zingiber officinale ethanol extract on reproductive hormones, such as testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). A control group, an inflammation-induced group, and groups treated with different dosages of Zingiber officinale ethanol extract comprised the five (5) groups of thirty (30) male albino Wistar rats. Albumin was used to cause inflammation, and the extract was taken orally for three weeks. Standard laboratory methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), were used to evaluate hormone levels. The results showed that Zingiber officinale ethanol extract significantly modulated reproductive hormone levels in the treated groups compared to the control groups. Specifically, testosterone levels increased (14.39 ± 0.0003), while FSH and LH levels showed dose-dependent responses. The findings suggest that Zingiber officinale ethanol extract may have a regulatory effect on reproductive hormone production in male albino Wistar rats with albumin-induced inflammation, potentially due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. These results have potential implications for the treatment of reproductive disorders associated with inflammation and warrant further investigation into the mechanisms underlying the modulatory effects of Zingiber officinale on reproductive hormones.
Effect of Zingiber Officinale Ethanol Extract on Renal Functions of Ma...
5

Cyril Onyekachi Edoga*, Ezema,...
Department of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu Nigeria
1-6
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18798143

This study evaluated the effect of ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale on renal function markers in male Wistar albino rats subjected to albumin-induced inflammation. The animals were divided into five groups: blank control, negative control (inflammation without treatment), standard control (treated with a reference anti-inflammatory drug), and two treatment groups administered low and high doses of Z. officinale extract. Renal function was assessed through serum creatinine, urea, calcium (Ca), and chloride (Cl⁻) levels. The negative control group exhibited significantly elevated levels of creatinine (0.59±0.00 mg/dl), urea (12.22±0.001 mg/dl), and calcium (6.93±0.11 ppm), alongside a sharp reduction in chloride (4.42±0.00 ppm), compared to the blank control (p < 0.05), indicating renal impairment caused by inflammation. Treatment with high-dose Z. officinale extract significantly restored creatinine (0.52±0.00 mg/dl), urea (11.02±0.03 mg/dl), calcium (5.33±0.13 ppm), and chloride (7.54±0.11 ppm) levels to values comparable to the standard control and blank groups (p > 0.05), while the low-dose treatment showed only partial improvement. These findings demonstrate that Zingiber officinale ethanol extract, particularly at high doses, possesses nephroprotective properties, mitigating inflammation-induced renal dysfunction and restoring electrolyte balance.
Effect of Zingiber Officinale Ethanol Extract on Serum Electrolytes of...
2

Cyril Onyekachi Edoga*, Okoh,...
Department of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu Nigeria
77-82
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18797248

This study investigated the effect of Zingiber officinale ethanol extract on serum electrolyte concentrations in male Wistar albino rats exposed to inflammation. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: Group A (blank control), Group B (negative control with induced inflammation and no treatment), Group C (standard control treated with a conventional anti-inflammatory drug), Group D (low-dose Zingiber officinale extract), and Group E (highdose Zingiber officinale extract). Serum levels of sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), and calcium (Ca²⁺) were analyzed to assess the impact of treatments. The results revealed that inflammation significantly reduced serum electrolyte levels in the negative control group (B), with marked low sodium ion concentration (87 ± 0.008 mmol/L), low potassium ion concentration (2.2 ± 0.001 mmol/L), depleted level of chloride ion (57.40 ± 0.000 mmol/L), and low calcium ion concentration (2.2 ± 0.000 mg/dL) compared to the blank control group (A), all at p < 0.05. Administration of low-dose Zingiber officinale extract (Group D) showed no significant improvement in these electrolyte levels when compared to the negative control (p > 0.05). However, treatment with high-dose Zingiber officinale extract (Group E) significantly improved serum concentrations of Na⁺ (117 ± 0.003 mmol/L), K⁺ (5.6 ± 0.001 mmol/L), Cl⁻ (98.0 ± 0.004 mmol/L), and Ca²⁺ (4.4 ± 0.003 mg/dL), indicating a dose-dependent restorative effect. These findings inferred that high-dose Zingiber officinale ethanol extract may have restored electrolyte balance in inflammatory conditions, potentially serving as a natural therapeutic agent.
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