The transformation of pastoral livestock farming systems is a policy focus for national and county governments in Kenya, intended to enhance the economy of livestockdependent regions, where significant portions of the population continue to experience severe food, income, and nutritional insecurity. This study, focusing on Turkana County, aimed to (i) delineate livestock production and marketing systems; (ii) compare Turkana's livestock production and marketing with other arid regions in the Horn of Africa; (iii) evaluate the impact of market and non-market factors on livestock production and trade in dryland areas; and (iv) propose a strategic framework to enhance the viability, competitiveness, and sustainability of livestock sector initiatives in pastoral and dryland regions. Exploratory and descriptive study designs were utilised, including a mixed-methods approach to examine the transformational aspects of pastoral economy and industry. The study was conducted in Loima, Turkana East, and Turkana North sub-counties of Turkana, with 210 study participants selected statistically from 12 livestock-producing zones and markets. The study demonstrated the importance of the adverse impacts of social, economic, political, environmental, technological, and ethical factors on livestock production and marketing in arid regions. The failure of livestock herders, traders, and development partners to effectively mitigate these effects results in the stagnation of livestock development opportunities. To sustainably address the intrinsic impacts of these market and non-market factors, the study advocates for the enhancement of breeds and genetics, the adoption of efficient and sustainable market-orientated livestock farming systems, the facilitation of local traders' access to capital for business financing to augment livestock trade volumes, and the improvement of logistics and market infrastructure, all supported by technology. Strengthened relationships between local and external markets, traders, and herders; augmented governmental and civil society financial allocations for the livestock sector, including the enhancement of accountability processes; tackling supply and demand-related risks through robust and effective mitigation strategies; and formulation of a livestock policy that supports drylands livestock and economic development to sustain the benefits from remedial investments improve livestock sector performance. The study delineates regional patterns in pastoral livestock farming, the resilience of livestock keepers and traders, market accessibility, development methods, and banking solutions for dry regions as areas for future research.

Background: Burn wound infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly following mass casualty events where healthcare systems are rapidly overwhelmed. On 21 July 2025, an aviation disaster in Dhaka, Bangladesh resulted in a sudden influx of patients with severe burn injuries, creating significant challenges for infection control and antimicrobial management. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the microbiological profile and antimicrobial resistance patterns of burn wound infections among victims of a mass casualty aviation disaster in Bangladesh. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Institute of Burn and Plastic Surgery and the Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Dhaka, from 22 July to 22 August 2025. A total of 40 burn wound samples from hospitalized patients with clinically suspected infections were analyzed. Microbial isolation and identification were performed using standard culture techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and the VITEK® 2 automated system, with interpretation according to CLSI M100 guidelines (2024). Results: A total of 46 microbial isolates were recovered. Gram-negative bacteria predominated (78.3%), followed by Gram-positive bacteria (17.4%) and fungi (4.3%). Pseudomonas spp. were the most common pathogens (47.8%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (17.4%), Klebsiella spp. (13.0%), and Acinetobacter spp. (8.7%). High resistance to fluoroquinolones and carbapenems was observed among Gram-negative isolates. Pseudomonas spp. showed preserved susceptibility to piperacillin–tazobactam (81.8%) and colistin (100%). Fifty percent of S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant, while all remained susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. Conclusion: Burn wound infections following this mass casualty aviation disaster were predominantly caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas spp. The findings underscore the need for early microbiological surveillance, rational antimicrobial use, and strengthened infection prevention strategies to improve outcomes in disaster-related burn care.

The goal of the study was to determine the relationship between executive compensation and performance of financial institutions in Nigeria between 2013 and 2024. Purposive sampling method was adopted to gather data for the study. The study proxied executive compensation as chairman pay and executive directors‟ pay. Hausman test was adopted for selection of model and Multiple Regression was used to determine nature of relationship. Post estimation tests were carried out including test of stability for Regression. The study found significant positive relation between Chairman‟s pay and all performance variables ROCE, Net profit margin, market price and Tobin Q. Study also found insignificant relationship of directors pay with ROCE and Net profit margin and a significant relation of Directors pay on Tobin and Market price implying that reverse causality among directors pay on accounting and market performance. Board independence exerted significant moderating role while firm size contributed to improved Chief executive pay. Bigger firms are likely to use increase Chief Executive pay which in turn improves performance, The implication of finding is that theoretically the chairman is a good steward acting in the interest of the firm utilizing skills and knowledge to drive performance while additional pay helps to align executive functions with corporate goal mitigating agency conflicts and increasing performance thus aligning theoretically with agency, stewardship, Resource dependency and knowledge-based theories. The study also simultaneously rejects tournament and managerial power theory. The study recommends Increased regulatory monitoring and corporate governance oversight to prevent use of Executive pay in asset expropriation.

The goal of the study is to determine the nature of relationship between Ownership Structure and performance using financial statements of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria between 2013 and 2024. Ownership structure was measured using ownership concentration and directors‟ shareholding. Purposive sampling method was adopted based on market capitalization, total assets and availability of financial statements. Hausman test was used for selection of model and Multiple Regression was used to determine nature of relationship. Post estimation tests were carried out including test of stability for Regression. Directors‟ shareholding had insignificant relationships with all the variables of study. Ownership concentration had negative significant relationship with market performance measures and positive significant relationship with accounting measures. Board independence exerted significant moderating role. It us recommended that regulators should set a ceiling for share acquisition by individuals and companies to prevent asset expropriation. Increased corporate governance oversight by regulators and policy makers in the firm should devise a strategy to cushion the trade-off effects exhibited by ownership concentration on accounting and market performance to enhance wealth maximization goal of the firms.