The research aims to demonstrate the comparison between military and social tunnels and the impact on sustainable development in Iraq – a case study for the period (2004- 2022) by building a standard model that shows the impact of military spending, as well as social tunnels and selected economic variables. In this research, the researcher relied on the extrapolation process mainly, which is based on monitoring the comparison between military and social tunnels and its impact on sustainable development in Iraq during the period (2004-2033), and then there may be another scientific approach that we will resort to in the course of our treatment of the issue, which is the analytical method with following some standard procedures to understand the nature of the data and variables that affect the crisis. One of the most prominent results of the research is that there is definitely a cut in the data of the military agreement for Iraq, as the researcher could not insist on the data of the Pre-year military agreement (2003), this sector is both in the material and financial aspect, and there is a general trend of increasing military agreement in Iraq starting from the year (2003), until Statistics showed that Iraq occupies the fourth place at the level of Arab countries in the agreement on the military, as it became clear through the standard model used in the research, that there is no common integration -- The military agreement does not affect sustainable development in Iraq, and that increasing sustainable development leads to military spending, as shown by the results of the cranger causality test, and the result was that spending on social protection witnessed a remarkable development during the study period (2004- 2022), which was represented by an increase in the number of families covered by the network and an increase in the amount of funds allocated by the state to the network, and this was reflected positively on the covered groups of society, so the development rate for the total period was positive by (31.97%), but that percentage was low measured by gross domestic product and therefore did not contribute to reducing poverty rates and improving the standard of living of individuals, the results also showed that there is a causal relationship to the development of education as inputs and outputs by increasing the volume of spending on the educational sector, health and in the direction of On the other hand, increasing social spending will lead to raising the efficiency and skills of community members and then lead to contributing to raising the rates of sustainable development in Iraq. The study recommended: There should be more attention in the military sector at the level of studies, research, statistics and data to avoid the problems of represents an obstacle to the spread of corruption in this sector, as well as work to increase the volume of allocations and spending on the education sector because of its positive importance in improving the skills of individuals and raising productivity and reflecting this on achieving sustainable development, through supporting and developing the health sector, as increasing spending on health will lead to increased production and then the transition of channels of influence to sustainable development, that is, the impact is positive between them, as well as conducting a package of economic policies aimed at raising the welfare of The positive impact will then be transferred to the sustainable development of the state, especially in the field of job creation, reducing income inequality between individuals, providing care and a dignified free life.

The objective of this research is to explain the factors contributing to the obstinacy of marijuana against legal repression in Cameroon throughout the case study of Semi-Bantu people, by examining the cultural practices and beliefs shaping the relationship between cannabis and the concerned indigenous populations. The research design is explorative, using qualitative method of the research. Ethnography has provided Primary data through interviews and direct observation, using a containing open-ended questions Form. Because of the repression from the police about cannabis and ethical considerations, the researcher has avoided Focus groups discussions. Secondary data were provided by written sources and Internet. Data analysis consisted in Explanation, Comment, Comparison. Functionalism and Cultural Interpretative approaches have been exploited to explain facts. According to the Research findings, Cannabis resists to legal repressions because, it is a Culture Core, a cultural feature that is fundamental among Semi-Bantu people’s ways of making their living; including Food, Ethno medicine, Spirituality, Social Organization, and other domains of Semi-Bantu’s Ethno Science. Cannabis is embedded in Semi-Bantu’s traditions. The Government’s Law preventing people from Cannabis Use, is culturally incompatible or inappropriate. The Survival of Cannabis to Law is also due to its high prize in the black market, it provides much more than other Crops. As suggestion, Local cultural practices and beliefs should be taken into account before the implementation of any Policy. Failure in the application of that principle has caused the resistance from the concerned populations in Cameroon.

The study assessed Gender Sensitive Pedagogical Practices (GSPP) in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics (STEAM) education among senior secondary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council of FCT, Nigeria. Four research questions were answered and four hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study was 499 comprising 82 teachers and 417 students of 13 private secondary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council of FCT and a sample of 50 teachers and 180 students was drawn. The instruments used for data collection were structured questionnaires designed by the researchers. Data was analysed using mean, standard deviation and independent t-test. Findings of the study revealed that significant difference existed between the mean responses of teachers and students concerning the extent of use of GSPP in STEAM Education in the sampled senior secondary schools (p = 0.000 < 0.05). The study also found a significant difference in the mean responses of male and female students concerning the benefits of GSPP in STEAM in Education (p = 0.023 < 0.05). Furthermore, findings revealed no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female teachers on the challenges militating against the implementation of GSPP in STEAM Education (p = 0.714 > 0.05). Finally, the finding on the strategies for overcoming the challenges of GSPP in STEAM Education in senior secondary schools revealed no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female teachers (p = 0.924 > 0.05). The study concluded that GSPP are essential in STEAM education in senior secondary schools because they foster equity among students, inclusivity, critical thinking and better learning outcomes for all students regardless of gender. It was recommended that senior secondary teachers should adopt inclusive teaching techniques that allow full participation of students in STEAM education. Senior secondary school teachers should also be encouraged to create learning environments for students that support GSPP in STEAM education.

Abstract: This study investigated the integration and effectiveness of blended learning in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics (STEAM) Education among senior secondary schools in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria. Blended learning, which integrates traditional face-to-face instruction with digital technologies, is increasingly recognized as a strategy to enhance teaching and learning outcomes. The study examined teachers’ and students’ perceptions of blended learning, the extent of technology integration in classrooms by teachers, challenges faced during implementation, and the impact of blended learning on students’ engagement and academic performance. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and data were collected using structured questionnaires on four-point and five-point scales administered to a sample of senior secondary school teachers and students in two (2) selected schools in FCT. The selected schools are in Gwagwalada and Abuja Municipal Area Councils. Three hundred and ninety-five (395) students and 39 teachers were sampled for the study. The findings revealed a moderate level of blended learning integration by teachers in their teaching practices. While both teachers and students agree that blended learning is effective in teaching and learning, challenges such as teacher gender imbalance in favour of female teachers, limited number of science-related teachers, limited time to prepare digital content, technical issues disrupting blended learning sessions and limited digital devices for students. The study concluded that for blended learning to be fully effective in FCT senior secondary schools, there must be strategic investment in technological infrastructure, continuous professional development for teachers, and policy support. Some recommendations, among others, were made such as the government should address teacher gender imbalance by launching targeted recruitment drives to attract male STEAM educators and promote gender-neutral hiring policies to ensure balanced representation; Government should rebalance STEAM subject expertise by sponsoring teacher training programmes in engineering, technology and mathematics; Stakeholders should provide teachers with curated digital repositories to reduce preparation burden on the teachers.