Introduction: Neonatal sepsis remains a critical public health issue and a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study was conducted to assess neonatal sepsis and its associated factors among 70 neonates admitted at the Djoungolo District Hospital, Olembe, Yaoundé. Materials and methods: A hospital-based descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of two months, involving a total of 70 neonates aged 0–28 days. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to mothers, clinical examinations, and a review of hospital records. Results: The results showed that the majority of neonates were aged 0–7 days and a significant proportion were diagnosed with neonatal sepsis. The prevalence rate observed reflects the persistent burden of this condition in primary healthcare settings. Analysis revealed associations between neonatal sepsis and several maternal factors (such as inadequate antenatal care, premature rupture of membranes, maternal infections), neonatal factors (such as low birth weight, prematurity, low Apgar scores), and healthcare-related factors (such as poor hygiene practices and exposure to invasive procedures). Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of early detection, improved maternal care, and adherence to infection prevention protocols to reduce the incidence of neonatal sepsis.