Urban environments demand complex psychological, social and behavioral adjustments from individuals who relocate from rural or semi-urban areas. This study examines how personality traits, particularly the Big Five dimensions-extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness and neuroticism-shape individuals’ adaptation to urban life. Drawing on contemporary urban sociology and personality psychology, the research explores the mechanisms through which personality influences stress management, social integration, perceived crowding, environmental tolerance, and engagement with urban opportunities. Findings indicate that high openness and extraversion facilitate faster cultural and social adaptation, while conscientiousness supports structural adjustment such as time management and rule compliance. Conversely, high neuroticism is associated with elevated adaptation stress, reduced environmental satisfaction and a heightened sense of urban overload. The study underscores that urban adaptation is not solely a structural or socioeconomic process but is deeply intertwined with stable dispositional characteristics. These results contribute to a more nuanced understanding of urban adjustment and offer implications for urban planners, policymakers and migration psychologists.