Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health concern and is frequently complicated by renal dysfunction and dyslipidemia, which significantly increase cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Evidence on the combined burden of kidney impairment and lipid abnormalities among diabetic patients in Ghana remains limited. This study assessed kidney function and lipid profile patterns and examined their relationship with glycemic control and lifestyle factors among patients with T2DM attending Tetteh Quarshie Memorial Hospital. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 121 adults with T2DM aged ≥30 years. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for renal function indices, lipid profile parameters, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) using standard laboratory methods. Dyslipidemia was defined using NCEP ATP III criteria, and kidney disease was classified according to KDIGO 2012 guidelines. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA version 18, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 61.02 ± 13.32 years, and 70.25% were female. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 22.31%, while kidney disease was observed in 76.86% of participants. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) showed strong negative correlations with serum creatinine (r = −0.898, p < 0.001) and urea (r = −0.610, p < 0.001). Triglyceride levels were significantly higher among participants with poor glycemic control (p = 0.033), whereas other lipid parameters did not vary significantly across HbA1c categories. Advancing age, physical inactivity, and inadequate sleep duration were significantly associated with kidney disease. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a high burden of renal dysfunction and a moderate prevalence of dyslipidemia among patients with T2DM. Poor glycemic control was specifically associated with elevated triglyceride levels, while lifestyle and demographic factors played a significant role in renal impairment. Routine monitoring of renal and lipid parameters, alongside targeted lifestyle interventions, is essential to reduce diabetes-related complications.