Food insecurity and malnutrition in dryland areas are health threats to people of all ages. Scarcity of food is predisposing individuals, households, and communities to many dangers, and the coping mechanisms employed, such as skipping meals and same diets, exacerbate starvation, malnutrition, and stunting that are already affecting human wellbeing. Integrating agrinutrition models to production and livelihood systems is a paradigm shift for building consciousness that considers the importance of understanding dietary needs, home economics, and healthy living for the populations affected. The study objectives were (i) assess the agriculture, food security and nutrition context of Turkana; (ii) identify opportunities for improving Turkana County's agri-food system; (iii) investigate agri-nutrition gaps and integration challenges to local production systems; and (iv) define pathways from agriculture to agri-nutrition in dryland areas. The study areas selected were (a) Lokichoggio for rainfed crop production and cross-border trade with South Sudan; (b) Kakuma for refugee food security and agricultural nutrition interventions; (c) Lodwar for the county government headquarters food security and nutrition focal points; (d) Turkana South for food production in potential irrigation schemes; and (e) Turkana East for the role of livestock in food security and nutrition. A total of 148 participants were involved in this study, i.e., 80% at the primary (farm) level, 15% at the secondary (county and policy) level, and 5% at the tertiary (scholars and experts) level. Both quantitative and qualitative data were analysed, triangulated and subsequently validated by stakeholders through a series of consultative meetings. The study results show that the food and nutrition security challenges in Turkana arise from structural inefficiencies rather than low productivity. These inefficiencies impact food availability, pricing, and safety for low-income households. Solutions require market-driven changes focusing on aggregation systems, maintaining first-mile value, and aligning production with market demands. To enhance climate resilience, investments in infrastructure and diverse systems are crucial, and reforming the food system can boost production and income while ensuring equitable value distribution. A coordinated investment strategy addressing malnutrition and integrating agriculture with nutrition and public health is essential, with nutrition education and entrepreneurial training improving home nutrition and food safety. A shift from fragmented initiatives to cohesive, market-orientated strategies is needed to realise the agricultural potential and improve food and nutrition security within dryland farming and livelihood systems.