The study examined the elements of groundnut development in Turkana, specifically the piloting, production, and marketing phases, as well as the system for harvest and aggregation. The study objectives derived from the above elements were (i) analyse data and outcomes from groundnut piloting and production phases, (ii) identify strategic challenges in groundnut production and marketing relevant to drylands agroecologies, (iii) propose a groundnut aggregation model suitable for the Turkana context, and (iv) determine the factors impeding the performance and sustainability of groundnut in Turkana based on the production phase results. 26 groundnut production sites were sampled for investigation from 5 sub-counties of Turkana. The pilot results indicated that at maturity, EUGN 2 (groundnut variety) produced a superior yield of 92 pods per plant in 100 days, in contrast to EUGN 1 and indigenous groundnut varieties, which gave 88 and 48 pods in 105 and 95 days, respectively, establishing EUGN 2 as the optimal variety for Turkana agroecology. The production phase results indicated that among the 26 agricultural sites, the arable land encompasses 22,093 acres, of which only 8,663 acres (39.2%) are cultivated with various crops. Additionally, the land allocated for groundnut cultivation measures 9,810 acres, which, if fully utilised, has the potential to yield 11,772 metric tonnes of unshelled groundnuts valued at KES 1.413 billion. The crop value is able to transform the economy and the wellbeing of the populations in Turkana. The actual production of groundnuts was subpar due to several systemic challenges, including inconsistent yields, absence of a market-orientated business strategy, fragmented and diminutive farm plots, inadequate mechanisation, and a deficient governance structure in farm leadership. Additional challenges included delayed produce off-take by aggregators, delayed payments to farmers, accumulation of aflatoxins especially during the production phase, an ineffective aggregation strategy, and imprecise data for decision-making. The study advocates for thorough feasibility assessments, enhancement of governance frameworks in production areas, land consolidation and mechanised labour, deployment of technical and scientific expertise in managing groundnut value chain elements, continuous access to improved seed systems, and the establishment of viable and competitive product aggregation and market access models as key areas for action.